Some were shot at once, others were sent to Solovki, to Siberia, where one fate awaited them – death.
The widespread assertion of the idea of the independence of the Ukrainian church, the Ukrainian language in it, is of concern to Moscow tyrants. Therefore, the formation of the UAOC follows bloody paths.
When the game of „Ukrainization“ was over, the Moscow regime, the real ruler of the „state of the USSR,“ went into open action. In the late 1920s, criticism of Ukrainian writers who took independent positions began. An artificial trial of the so-called „Union for the Liberation of Ukraine“ is being organized. In fact, it was a very effective trick: to destroy the old Ukrainian intelligentsia, writers and prominent scientists. In the early 1930s, thousands of cultural figures, writers, and the entire nation were arrested again on various charges of anti-Soviet activity. Some were shot at once, others were sent to Solovki, to Siberia, where one fate awaited them – death.
Processes against the intelligentsia continue incessantly. Practically all areas of Ukrainian cultural life are blocked, their most prominent figures are liquidated. This includes science, literature, music, theater (the murder of the genius modernist director Les Kurbas), painting. Ukraine is becoming a province of the empire, over which only one song is pouring: praise to the great Stalin, the father and protector of all peoples. Then Russification completely triumphs.
In 1930 the UAOC was disbanded and destroyed. Thousands of priests, bishops and archbishops are dying in prisons and concentration camps. The Ukrainian Church is forcibly rejoining the Russian Church. There is a mass destruction of churches throughout Ukraine, including temples of cultural monuments of the XI-XVIII centuries. Thus, Moscow seeks to kill the very soul of the Ukrainian people.
The peak of Moscow’s terror over Ukraine was the famine of 1932-1933, artificially organized and planned by the Kremlin. It finally destroys the organic life of the Ukrainian people: it kills their body – the peasant masses. The 10 million casualties are the result of a fraternization with a monotheistic Moscow, but in fact with an insatiable Asian predator. Mountains of human corpses, complete moral degeneration and oppression of the people, when to survive, ate human flesh. The Holodomor of 1932-33 is a crime of Moscow against all mankind, because never before has it existed, with such fury and heartlessness, on such a scale of genocide have some people destroyed others.
Despite such ruins and atrocities, the Ukrainian people did not surrender, did not lose heart. The consciousness of resistance, of the unity of the struggle with one’s brothers in Western Ukraine and in exile never disappeared. During the war, when Moscow retreated and the struggle for freedom continued under fascist occupation, this unity came. Thousands of conscious Ukrainians join the ranks of the OUN, which then underground deploys its structures in the Dnieper region, become active fighters for its ideals, even prominent ideologues and leaders-organizers in it, such as Prof. Yuriy Boyko-Blokhin is a native of Mykolayiv, who wrote numerous works on the theory of nationalism, or J. Pozychanyuk, a member of the OUN leadership from the Kherson region.
In the 1920s, there was a second front of the nationalist struggle in Eastern Ukraine – the underground. We remember that back in 1920, with the formation of the UVO, E. Konovalets appointed centurions I. Andrukh and M. Opoka as the regional commandant of the UVO in the eastern Ukrainian lands. In a situation of total terror, they failed to organize a wide network. In 1922, both fell into the hands of the Cheka and died. However, so that the front would not decline, by the end of the 1930s, E. Konovalets sent his people to Dnieper Ukraine through various illegal channels, under various pretexts, who, although in their infancy, still supported in different environments, on separate nationalist movement is organized in the territory.
Since the communist regime has always successfully masked the real picture of its repressions in front of public opinion and the world, never told the truth about whom it destroys and with whom it fights, it is impossible to create a clear idea of events at that time. Everywhere in the reports there are either mythical „agents of the world counterrevolution“ or „nationalist terrorist underground“ called both the real underground and pure falsifications, during which cultural figures were destroyed.
On the other hand, the regiment. E. Konovalets, given the great importance and riskiness of the case, never widely shared with others in the OUN leadership about his actions and connections with the underground in Eastern Ukraine. He held all the conspiracy and connections in his hands. Therefore, with his sudden death, all this was lost. However, we know from the Colonel’s inner circle that this underground nationalist movement was. Evidence of this and the fragmentary data we have from the communist regime, and the fact that the OUN body – „Nation Building“ was widely known among conscientious Ukrainians, OUN resolutions were even partially reprinted with allegedly critical comments, but in fact to inform the public, in „wavy“ magazines.
Analyzing the situation in Eastern Ukraine in general, we can assume that nationalist factors were trying to develop their propaganda in three main circles: among the advanced national intelligentsia, among the military (hopes for the Cossack spirit), in the depths of the village.
The nationalist movement, albeit in infernal conditions, has always existed in Central and Eastern Ukraine. He also appeared at the level of ideas: fiction, articles by M. Khvylovy, the national church; and at the level of underground organizations, of which so many are revealed by the GPU in the second half of the 1920’s and 1930’s, where among the „mythical“ there were undoubtedly real ones. The number of participants in that movement was in the thousands.
Evidence of this is the fact that the OUN marches that came here during the war found full understanding and broad support among the people, the nationalists of Eastern and Western Ukraine fought together on two fronts: against the Moscow and fascist occupiers.
The false desire of some historians to localize nationalism only in Galicia cannot withstand criticism. History shows that nationalism, which is based on the idea of catholicity, has always been organically perceived in any part of Ukraine, has always become the most active, most effective factor in protecting the rights of the Ukrainian people and fighting for their freedom …
literature
Dontsov Dmitry. The spirit of our antiquity. – Drogobich; View. „Renaissance“ 1991. Ivanyshyn Vasyl. Hatsia. Statehood. Nationalism. – Drogobich; View. „Renaissance“ 1992. Stetsko Yaroslav. Ukrainian liberation concept. Coll. articles. item 1. – Type. OUH, 1987.
03/12/2013
The problem of forest use in Zaporozhye. Abstract
The abstract considers the problem of forest use in Zaporozhye in the light of documents from the Kosh archive
The problem of environmental protection is usually associated with scientific and technological progress and urbanization of society. However, the problem is rooted in the impact of human activities on nature. And the strength of such influence depends not only on the scientific sophistication of the methods used by society, but also on the stability of the natural system to external factors. Unfortunately, the steppe forests of the South of Ukraine belong to fragile ecosystems, and therefore the earliest of the others (steppe, lotic – ecosystems of reservoirs with non-salt water) gave a signal of trouble.
Thus, in the middle of the XVIII century. there was a problem of rational forest use and reforestation. O. M. Apanovych drew attention to its existence. An interesting publication by LZ Gistsova and L. Ya. Demchenko with a diverse selection of documents from the Kosh Archive immediately appeared on the pages of the Archives of Ukraine.
The ecological value of the forest was not realized by people in the XVIII century. Today, environmentalists know lab reports writing that the forest is a type of unproductive landscape, which is absolutely necessary for man to breathe, to mitigate the climate, to meet recreational and aesthetic needs, and nature – to ensure the circulation of substances. To understand the interconnectedness of natural processes, human society had to intervene deeply in their passage, the consequences of which became apparent only in the XX century. But this does not mean that deforestation has not caused immediate and rapid negative consequences in the past.
On the contrary, deforestation in the steppe not only distorted the landscape, left birds and animals without natural shelter, but also quickly worsened the microclimate of the region, negatively affected the water regime of rivers, led to soil erosion. The mild microclimate of forests was and still is extremely important for human life in the steppe. No wonder Samara palanquin, the richest in forests, was called „Cossack Palestine“.
Of course, in the XVIII century. people did not know this in theory, but empirically such phenomena must have been felt. Therefore, the need to balance the growth of needs and limit them logically and gradually led to a certain administrative policy of Kosh regarding forest use in its territory. The fact that this was the only policy that had several directions is confirmed by the materials of the Zaporozhian Archives.
In Zaporozhye, wood was both the main building material and the main source of thermal energy needed not only for heating and cooking (for this in the steppe even now in case of difficulty use different substitutes – from reeds to reeds), but also for handicraft production. … Residential buildings in most winter quarters and in the Underground Sich, public buildings (churches, administrative premises, taverns), fortifications – all built of wood. An interesting feature: when the circumstances were unfavorable for the Cossacks, and the wood was simply nowhere to be found, they used the technique of turluch type, using clay, stone, vine and reed as building materials.
Thus, archaeologist AA Kozlovsky notes that due to lack of wood in the southern steppe (after all, below Nikopol-Mykytyn Dnieper floodplains had mostly reed appearance, and ravine forests were very rare), residential buildings on the Kamyanskaya Sich, which still succeeded. excavated, built turluchnym way, and a wooden structure is not recorded any.
In Pidpilnenska Sich, according to the documents, in contrast to Kamyanska, wood was widely used for construction. However, the forest was used not only by the Cossacks, but also by their old neighbors – the Tatars, and then new neighbors – new settlers from the Hetmanate, Sloboda Regiment, New Serbia and Slavic-Serbia.